When grounded in fairmindedness and intellectual integrity, it is typically of a higher order intellectually, though subject to the charge of "idealism" by those habituated to its selfish use.Ĭritical thinking of any kind is never universal in any individual everyone is subject to episodes of undisciplined or irrational thought. As such it is typically intellectually flawed, however pragmatically successful it might be. When grounded in selfish motives, it is often manifested in the skillful manipulation of ideas in service of one’s own, or one's groups’, vested interest. It is thus to be contrasted with: 1) the mere acquisition and retention of information alone, because it involves a particular way in which information is sought and treated 2) the mere possession of a set of skills, because it involves the continual use of them and 3) the mere use of those skills ("as an exercise") without acceptance of their results.Ĭritical thinking varies according to the motivation underlying it. Critical thinking - in being responsive to variable subject matter, issues, and purposes - is incorporated in a family of interwoven modes of thinking, among them: scientific thinking, mathematical thinking, historical thinking, anthropological thinking, economic thinking, moral thinking, and philosophical thinking.Ĭritical thinking can be seen as having two components: 1) a set of information and belief generating and processing skills, and 2) the habit, based on intellectual commitment, of using those skills to guide behavior. It entails the examination of those structures or elements of thought implicit in all reasoning: purpose, problem, or question-at-issue assumptions concepts empirical grounding reasoning leading to conclusions implications and consequences objections from alternative viewpoints and frame of reference. In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairness. Below, we offer overlapping definitions which together form a substantive and trans-disciplinary conception of critical thinking.Ĭritical Thinking as Defined by the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking, 1987Ī statement by Michael Scriven & Richard Paul, presented at the 8th Annual International Conference on Critical Thinking and Education Reform, Summer 1987.Ĭritical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. The term "critical thinking" has its roots in the mid-late 20th century. Newest Pages Added to CriticalThinking.OrgĬritical thinking.the awakening of the intellect to the study of itself.Ĭritical thinking is a rich concept that has been developing throughout the past 2,500 years.Consequential Validity: Using Assessment to Drive Instruction.Online Critical Thinking Basic Concepts Test.International Critical Thinking Essay Test.A Model for the National Assessment of Higher Order Thinking.Critical Thinking Testing and Assessment.43rd Annual International Conference on Critical Thinking.Calendar of Events in Critical Thinking. ![]()
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